Construction of the questionnaire involved adapting questions from a review of existing literature that had looked at the reasons behind children’s purchases from fast food takeaway outlets.3 , 4 , 15 , 16 Participants were asked to self-report their gender, age, date of birth and ethnicity. 17 Free school meal entitlement was used as a proxy measure of deprivation in our survey, and it is also commonly used to investigate schoolchildren families’ income level.3 , 18 Participants were also asked how often they would purchase food/drinks from fast food takeaway outlet over a week period. Previous studies have also used this type of question to define frequency of fast food consumption.3 , 4 Participants were asked to indicate what portion size of chips they would normally purchase. Participants were asked to rank their three most popular types of beverages they would normally purchase. Participants were also asked to report their average level of physical activity during weekends and weekdays on the same questionnaire. Response options include from <2 h, 2–5 h and 5 h or more per day.
A great airplane pilot study of the fresh new questionnaire was done with a tiny shot regarding youngsters (n=30) old twelve–thirteen ages. Recommendations from the pilot analysis included rewording the questions to be best know also to maximum what amount of unlock-finished inquiries. New questionnaire try delivered in colleges between and you will is actually accomplished because of the 193 college students. The latest questionnaire was designed to end up being mind-applied. Educated research assistants was open to assist people who called for let having understanding or reading all the questions.
Anthropometry
Anthropometric proportions had been obtained by the educated search personnel. Peak is mentioned for the nearby millimetre having fun with SECA Leicester smartphone level level (stadiometer). All of the members was indeed trained to eliminate the footwear prior to the peak try taken and align the head regarding the Frankfurt airplanes.19 Lbs is measured for the nearest 0.step one kg playing with calibrated Pounds People Easy See Accuracy electronic balances (model: 8961U). Members was basically trained to eliminate its footwear and outerwear, which is, outside jacket, and stay within their uniform ahead of these people were considered. Self-advertised proportions have been omitted regarding analysis research put because they was basically considered unreliable. Body mass index (BMI) was taken from counted height and you will pounds of your own pupils and you can calculated utilizing the adopting the formulae: Bmi kg/yards dos = pounds (kg)/height2 (metres). Body mass index percentile to own decades and you can gender according to the confirmed British 1990 reference research maps is computed, looking at go out away from birth and you may day out-of dimensions.20–23 Percentile finden ranging from 85th and you may 95th percentile was identified as heavy and you will ?95th percentile was defined as overweight.24 , twenty five One hundred and you will twenty-that schoolchildren had done analysis to own formula off Bmi percentile having age and you can sex.
Statistical study
Research was basically analysed playing with SPSS V. (SPSS Inc.). Overall performance revealed are either demonstrated given that mode ± SD, median (range) otherwise wavelengths (percentages). Analytical benefits is taken when the p value was ?0.05. Categorical variables was in fact opposed using the ? 2 ensure that you continuing parameters with the Kruskal–Wallis attempt.
Results
The mean respondent age was 12.8 (range 11–14) years old and 56% of the respondents were male (table 1). The ethnic background of the study population was mainly Asians (48.3%) and Black/African-Carribeans (19.4%), reflecting the sampling region. Majority of the sampled population (61%) was entitled to free school meals. About one in three respondents (30.6%) was classified as being overweight or obese. Thirty-two per cent of the males were classified as being overweight or obese as compared with 29% of the females. About half of the sampled population (54%) reported that they usually purchased food or drinks from fast food or takeaway outlets more than two to three times a week. About half of the schoolchildren (48%) would spend
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